This document is an in-depth analysis of the evolution and challenges of state responsibility in international law, especially regarding serious violations of human rights. It traces the origins of legal responsibility after World War II and highlights the creation of the United Nations as an international body to address these issues. The work examines the development of concepts such as the Responsibility to Protect, which seeks to balance state sovereignty with global accountability for human rights protection. Using qualitative research methods, it discusses the complexities in applying international legal norms to state actions and governmental immunity. The study concludes by emphasizing new frameworks that demand both prevention and reaction to human rights abuses, seeking harmony between national governance and international humanitarian obligations.